Let's say you have this problem:
x%2 = 1
x%3 = 2
x%5 = 1
An easy way to do this is called the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
The first thing you want to do is split it up into %2, %3, and %5.
x = a + b + c
You want to make sure that only the first part (%2) is non-zero, because that simplifies it a lot, so x becomes:
_ + 2 * _ + 2 * _
You want to repeat this for 3 and 5, so it becomes
x = 3(5)_ + 2(5)_ + 2(3)_
The purpose of doing that is when you do x%5, x becomes 2(3)_ %5. We want x%5 to equal 1, so 6 * _ %5 should equal 1, and 6%5 already equals 1, so that specific _ is 1.
Now, x = 3(5)_ + 2(5)_ + 6
x%3 = 10_%3 = 2, and 10%3 = 1, so we have to multiply 10 * 2, so that x%3 = 2. So the _ is 2.
Now, x = 3(5)_ + 20 + 6
We now want x%2 to be equal to 1, and 15%2 already equals one, so that _ equals 1.
Now, x = 15 + 20 + 6 = 41.
This isn't the only number though, as when you add (or subtract) the lcm(2,3,5) = 30, you get a value that also works. The reason that works is when you split up the 41 + 30n, 30n%2 = 0, and 30n%3 = 0, and 30n%5 = 0, so when you perform x%5, the 30n is eliminated.
So, we have our final answer: